Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing to Refine Cardiac Assessment and Procedures

3D printing in cardiovascular medicine is still in its infancy. There is great scope for clinical applications of this technology and its use in developing the field of personalised medicine. First, this technique needs to be refined and established. Studies to demonstrate effectiveness are required before this technology can become implemented into guidelines and widely adopted. The proposed research is expected to establish the optimal 3D printing strategy in cardiovascular medicine.