18 F-fluorocholine for prostate cancer imaging: A systematic review of the literature

BACKGROUND: Positron emission tomography (PET or combined PET-computed tomography (PET/CT)) allows the non-invasive interrogation of metabolic processes using radiolabeled probes. Altered choline metabolism has been noted as a characteristic of prostate cancer (PCa), and radiolabeled choline and choline analogs have been investigated as PET/CT imaging agents for prostate cancer; 18 Ffluoromethyl-dimethyl-2-hydroxyethyl-ammonium (18 F-FCH) shows particular promise as a PCa imaging agent given its favorable physical and pharmacokinetic properties.METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of results to date with 18 F-FCH. As the tracer was first described by DeGrado in 2001, we limited our search from January 2001 to August 2011.RESULTS: In all, 37 studies including 1244 patients met the inclusion criteria. Studies included those detailing the radiosynthesis of 18 F-FCH, preclinical and early clinical dosimetry, and biodistribution (n=7); evaluation of local disease (n=6), nodal disease (n=5), bone metastases and castrate-resistant disease (n=7), biochemical recurrence (n=11), radiotherapy planning (n=7) and sources of false-positive studies (n=2); and some studies reported on multiple indications. Potential sources of variations in the studies affecting reported performance included case series size, variation in extent of disease at imaging (including Gleason grade, and PSA), selection of gold standards for comparison and variations in scan technique.CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the review, we suggest potential scenarios where this metabolic imaging might be considered for further evaluation in clinical trials for guiding PCa management.