A telencephalon cell type atlas for goldfish reveals diversity in the evolution of spatial structure and cell types

Teleost fish form the largest group of vertebrates and show a tremendous variety of adaptive behaviors, making them critically important for the study of brain evolution and cognition. The neural basis mediating these behaviors remains elusive. We performed a systematic comparative survey of the goldfish telencephalon. We mapped cell types using single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics, resulting in de novo molecular neuroanatomy parcellation. Glial cells were highly conserved across 450 million years of evolution separating mouse and goldfish, while neurons showed diversity and modularity in gene expression. Specifically, somatostatin interneurons, famously interspersed in the mammalian isocortex for local inhibitory input, were curiously aggregated in a single goldfish telencephalon nucleus but molecularly conserved. Cerebral nuclei including the striatum, a hub for motivated behavior in amniotes, had molecularly conserved goldfish homologs. We suggest elements of a hippocampal formation across the goldfish pallium. Last, aiding study of the teleostan everted telencephalon, we describe substantial molecular similarities between goldfish and zebrafish neuronal taxonomies.