Azimuth, elevation, and time-delay distributions in wireless communication channels

We investigate the wave-propagation characteristics in urban environments as functions of the angle-of-arrival distribution, both in the azimuth and elevation planes. We also take into consideration the time delays for various base-station antenna elevations. We combine a statistical multi-parametric model, describing randomly distributed buildings, and a waveguide model, describing a grid of crossing streets with buildings lining the sides to create a new stochastic model. The joint probability of signal distributions in the azimuth-elevation, azimuth-time delay, and elevation-time delay planes are obtained and compared with high-resolution three-dimensional experiments carried out in urban areas in Helsinki, Finland. A good agreement between experimental and theoretical results is obtained.