Backward flight in hummingbirds employs unique kinematic adjustments and entails low metabolic cost

Engineering

• Plane Angle 100%
• Forward Flight 100%
• Transients 50%
• Power Curve 50%
• Biomechanics 50%
• Convergent 50%
• Downstroke 50%
• Measured Rate 50%
• Flight Kinematics 50%
• Tunnel 50%

Keyphrases

• Kinematic Adjustment 100%
• Backward Flight 100%
• Hovering Flight 14%
• High Stroke 14%
• Anatomical Adaptations 14%
• Head Flexion 14%
• Load Lifting 14%
• Duration Ratio 14%

Agricultural and Biological Sciences

• Convergent Evolution 8%