Biomass derived Cu₂O nanoparticles for N-atom insertion reactions: a base-free synthesis of quinazolinones with a green approach

The present study describes the use of a novel and eco-friendly biogenic approach for the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (Cu₂O NPs) utilizing Cucumis melo (musk melon) peel extract for the first time. The extract was discovered to consist of active chemical constituents that function as both reducing and stabilizing agents. The successful synthesis of Cu₂O NPs is authenticated by several analytical and spectroscopic characterization methods. Furthermore, the catalytic performance of Cu₂O NPs was examined for a cost-effective, sustainable and base-free synthesis of pharmaceutically important quinazolinone derivatives without the use of external ligands or additives. Significantly, the molecular complexation of the synthesized N-heterocycles is being examined, and successful synthesis of targets on a gram scale has been accomplished. Furthermore, the recyclability of the catalyst, control experiments, and the clarification of the underlying mechanisms were discussed in detail.