Blending Generative AI and Instructor-Led Learning: Empirical Insights on Student Motivation, Learning Experience, and Academic Performance in Higher Education

The growing integration of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) tools in higher education has potential to transform learning experiences. However, empirical research comparing GenAI-supported learning with traditional instruction lags behind these developments. This study addresses this gap through a controlled experiment involving 96 undergraduate computer science students in a Database Management course. Participants experienced either GenAI-supported or traditional instructions while learning the same concept. Data were collected through questionnaires, quizzes, and interviews. Analyses were grounded in self-determination theory (SDT), which posits that effective learning environments support autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Quantitative findings revealed significantly more positive learning experiences with GenAI tools, particularly enhancing autonomy through personalized pacing and increased accessibility. Competence was supported, reflected in shorter study times with no significant achievement differences between approaches. Students performed better on moderately difficult questions using GenAI, indicating that GenAI may bolster conceptual understanding. However, interviews with 11 participants revealed limitations in supporting relatedness. While students appreciated GenAI’s efficiency and availability, they preferred instructor-led sessions for emotional engagement and support with complex problems. This study contributes to the theoretical extension of SDT in technology-mediated learning contexts and offers practical guidance for optimal GenAI integration.