Abstract
Environmental pressures, scarcity of water resources, high costs of concentrate management and opportunities for recovering minerals are all driving desalination processes to reach higher recoveries. This chapter presents the challenges to high recovery (high salinity and potential scaling) and the strategies that are currently being employed to address those challenges. In additional to 'brute force' extension of existing technologies, there are many hybrid processes that combine different desalination technologies for different portions of the salinity spectrum. Further, there are many strategies for overcoming the issue of scaling by sparingly soluble salts as recovery is raised to very high levels. Opportunities for synergies and areas for further development are discussed.
Original language | English |
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Title of host publication | Emerging Membrane Technology for Sustainable Water Treatment |
Publisher | Elsevier Inc. |
Pages | 297-324 |
Number of pages | 28 |
ISBN (Print) | 9780444633125 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - 17 Mar 2016 |
Keywords
- ED
- High recovery
- Hybrids
- RO
- Salinity
- Scaling
- Thermal desalination
- ZLD
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- General Engineering
- General Chemical Engineering