Bubble-induced convection and flow instability in liquid vessels

Buoyancy-driven bubbly flows play pivotal roles in various scenarios, such as the oxygenation and mixing in the upper ocean and the reaction kinetics in chemical and bio-reactors. This work focuses on the convective flow induced by the localised release of large air bubbles (mm,) in a water tank, exploring the resulting flow and the transition from laminar to disturbed states as a function of the Rayleigh number ranging from to. At low the flow is smooth and laminar with weak temporal oscillations, while a highly disturbed state appears above a critical value. A theoretical analysis is presented that links the mean flow circulation to the Rayleigh number. Through an experimental investigation, utilising three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry and flow visualisation, we confirm the theory presented, and characterise the laminar to disturbed transition in the system. These findings not only enhance our fundamental understanding of buoyancy-driven convective flows but also hold significant implications for practical applications, particularly in the optimisation of bio-reactor design and other industrial processes reliant on controlled convective dynamics.