TY - JOUR
T1 - Controls on the 36Cl/Cl input ratio of paleo-groundwater in arid environments
T2 - New evidence from 81Kr/Kr data
AU - Ram, Roi
AU - Purtschert, Roland
AU - Adar, Eilon M.
AU - Bishof, Michael
AU - Jiang, Wei
AU - Lu, Zheng Tian
AU - Mueller, Peter
AU - Sy, Adrien
AU - Vockenhuber, Christof
AU - Yechieli, Yoseph
AU - Yokochi, Reika
AU - Zappala, Jake C.
AU - Burg, Avihu
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was funded by the Ben-Gurion University-Argonne National Laboratory-University of Chicago Collaboration Program ; the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (Grant No. 2014351 ); the Israel Water Authority, Ministry of Energy (Grant No. 4501284811 ); and the RADIATE project under the Grant Agreement 824096 from the EU Research and Innovation programme HORIZON 2020 . This project was also supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation Project ( SNF-200020_172550 ). Work at the Argonne National Laboratory was supported by the U.S.Department of Energy, Office of Science , under contract DE-AC02-06CH11357 . In addition, the research has been supported by grants given to the first author of this work by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Israel ; the Pratt Foundation; the Kreitman School of Advanced Graduate Studies, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ; and the Yair Guron Foundation, Central and Northern Arava-Tamar R&D.
Funding Information:
We thank the Israel Water Authority, the Mekorot LTD National Water Company, and the Dead Sea Works LTD for providing access to wells for sampling. We wish to thank Arik Kaplan and Gal Littman from the Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research (ZIWR) for their help in the fieldwork. The geochemical labs of the Geological Survey of Israel and the ZIWR are thanked for the precise analytical work. Special thanks go to Neil Sturchio and Avner Vengosh for data sharing, and Moshe Armon for the help with preparing the precipitation map. Neil Sturchio, Werner Balderer, and Onn Crouvi are thanked for fruitful discussions. Finally, the authors appreciate and thank the two anonymous reviewers and the associate editor, Prof. Jurgen Mahlknecht, for a constructive review that improved the quality of this manuscript. This work was funded by the Ben-Gurion University-Argonne National Laboratory-University of Chicago Collaboration Program; the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (Grant No. 2014351); the Israel Water Authority, Ministry of Energy (Grant No. 4501284811); and the RADIATE project under the Grant Agreement 824096 from the EU Research and Innovation programme HORIZON 2020. This project was also supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation Project (SNF-200020_172550). Work at the Argonne National Laboratory was supported by the U.S.Department of Energy, Office of Science, under contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. In addition, the research has been supported by grants given to the first author of this work by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Israel; the Pratt Foundation; the Kreitman School of Advanced Graduate Studies, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; and the Yair Guron Foundation, Central and Northern Arava-Tamar R&D.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2021/3/25
Y1 - 2021/3/25
N2 - Measurements of the long-lived 81Kr and 36Cl radioisotopes in groundwater from the Negev Desert (Israel) were used to assess the 36Cl/Cl input ratios and Cl− contents for paleorecharge into the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer (NSA). The reconstructed Cl− content of the recharge flux was on the order of 300–400 mg/L. An initial 36Cl/Cl ratio of 50 × 10−15 was assessed for the groundwater replenishment in the Negev Desert since the late Pleistocene, in agreement with the 36Cl/Cl ratios in recent local rainwater. This is despite possible changes in the climatic conditions and the 36Cl production rates in the atmosphere over this timeframe. This similarity in values is explained by the major role played by the erosion and weathering of near-surface materials in the desert environment that dominate the hydrochemistry of rains, floods, and the consequent groundwater recharge. Spatial variation in the reconstructed initial 36Cl/Cl ratio is accounted for by the differences in the mineral aerosol sources for specific recharge areas of the NSA. Accordingly, regional variations in the 36Cl/Cl input in groundwater reservoirs surrounding the Mediterranean Sea indicate various processes that govern the 36Cl/Cl system. Finally, the results of this study highlight the great advantage of integrating 81Kr age information in evaluating the initial 36Cl/Cl and Cl− input, which is essential for the calibration of 36Cl radioisotope as an available long-term dating tool for a given basin.
AB - Measurements of the long-lived 81Kr and 36Cl radioisotopes in groundwater from the Negev Desert (Israel) were used to assess the 36Cl/Cl input ratios and Cl− contents for paleorecharge into the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer (NSA). The reconstructed Cl− content of the recharge flux was on the order of 300–400 mg/L. An initial 36Cl/Cl ratio of 50 × 10−15 was assessed for the groundwater replenishment in the Negev Desert since the late Pleistocene, in agreement with the 36Cl/Cl ratios in recent local rainwater. This is despite possible changes in the climatic conditions and the 36Cl production rates in the atmosphere over this timeframe. This similarity in values is explained by the major role played by the erosion and weathering of near-surface materials in the desert environment that dominate the hydrochemistry of rains, floods, and the consequent groundwater recharge. Spatial variation in the reconstructed initial 36Cl/Cl ratio is accounted for by the differences in the mineral aerosol sources for specific recharge areas of the NSA. Accordingly, regional variations in the 36Cl/Cl input in groundwater reservoirs surrounding the Mediterranean Sea indicate various processes that govern the 36Cl/Cl system. Finally, the results of this study highlight the great advantage of integrating 81Kr age information in evaluating the initial 36Cl/Cl and Cl− input, which is essential for the calibration of 36Cl radioisotope as an available long-term dating tool for a given basin.
KW - Cosmogenic nuclides
KW - Epigenic Cl
KW - Nubian Sandstone Aquifer
KW - Old groundwater dating
KW - Radiokrypton isotopes
KW - Sinai-Negev Basin
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85098143731&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144106
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144106
M3 - Article
C2 - 33373751
AN - SCOPUS:85098143731
VL - 762
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
SN - 0048-9697
M1 - 144106
ER -