Cost effectiveness of epidemiological monitoring

Epidemiological monitoring (EPM) is emerging as a frequent counterpart to environmental monitoring (ENM). EPM and ENM are not alternatives to each other but rather complement each other. Each cannot be evaluated on its own merit but rather on its contributory effects in conjunction with the other. The effectiveness of EPM depends primarily on the types of action which it is designed to trigger. The benefits may be evaluated in terms of the prevention of adverse health outcomes on the one hand, and from costs saved due to avoidance of unnecessary controls on the other. Nothing definitive can be said about the cost-effectiveness of EPM in general. Every context and setting require a separate analysis. The attractiveness of introducing EPM, perhaps in conjunction with ENM, is its more immediate linkage to action and protective measures.