Drawing graphs using a small number of obstacles

An obstacle representation of a graph G is a set of points in the plane representing the vertices of G, together with a set of polygonal obstacles such that two vertices of G are connected by an edge in G if and only if the line segment between the corresponding points avoids all the obstacles. The obstacle number obs(G) of G is the minimum number of obstacles in an obstacle representation of G.We provide the first non-trivial general upper bound on the obsta- cle number of graphs by showing that every nvertex graph G satisfies obs(G) ≤ 2n log n. This refutes a conjecture of Mukkamala, Pach, and Pálvölgyi. For bipartite n-vertex graphs, we improve this bound to n-1. Both bounds apply even when the obstacles are required to be convex. We also prove a lower bound 2Ω(hn) on the number of n-vertex graphs with obstacle number at most h for h < n and an asymptotically matching lower bound Ω(n4/3M 2/3) for the complexity of a collection of M ≥ Ω(n) faces in an arrangement of n2 line segments with 2n endpoints.