Effect of supplemental feeding on metabolic profiles and meat quality in yaks: a non-targeted metabolomics approach

The traditional grazing system of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau faces challenges such as feed shortages, despite the abundance of pastures during the warm season. However, the impact of supplemental feeding on yak meat quality during this period still requires further investigation. A total of 30 male yaks (with similar genetic backgrounds, aged 2.5–3 years, weighing 94.56 ± 3.9 kg) were evenly and randomly assigned to two groups: the traditional grazing group (G) and the supplemental feeding group (SF). This study evaluated the effects of supplementation on yak meat quality and metabolic characteristics, aiming to identify effective dietary strategies to improve the physical and nutritional quality of yak meat. Non-targeted metabolomics (UHPLC-QE-MS) was used to analyze biomarkers of meat quality. Results revealed that the SF group exhibited superior meat quality, with a 39.6% reduction in shear strength, a 22.4% reduction in cooking loss, a 15% increase in PUFA/SFA ratios, and an 18% increase in essential amino acid content. Metabolomic profiling indicated distinct differences between the two groups, with the SF group demonstrating significant upregulation of beneficial metabolites (e.g., pyruvic acid, L-tyrosine, and eicosapentaenoic acid) and downregulation of harmful metabolites (e.g., sulfates). These changes improved protein turnover, lipid metabolism, and glycolytic activity, enhancing meat tenderness, flavor, and nutritional value. This study provides novel insights into the metabolic mechanisms underlying feed-induced quality changes, highlighting the practical value of supplemental feeding in overcoming the limitations of traditional grazing systems and reducing ecological pressure on grasslands.