Effectiveness and efficiency of managers: Are they doing what they can or all they can?

Effectiveness and efficiency are two common terms in management. Effectiveness is generally described as 'doing the right thing', and efficiency as 'doing things right'. This paper investigates the aggregate performance of managers in the Israeli hospitality industry in an effort to identify whether their performance can be categorized as effective, efficient, or both. The findings suggest that instead of being effective and efficient, managers tend to be either effective or efficient. Some explanations for this phenomenon are offered, and the study concludes with recommendations for academics and practitioners.