Elevated CO₂ concentration increases maize growth under water deficit or soil salinity but with a higher risk of hydraulic failure

Climate change presents a challenge for plants to acclimate their water relations under changing environmental conditions, and may increase the risks of hydraulic failure under stress. In this study, maize plants were acclimated to two different CO₂ concentrations ([CO₂]; 400 ppm and 700 ppm) while under either water stress (WS) or soil salinity (SS) treatments, and their growth and hydraulic traits were examined in detail. Both WS and SS inhibited growth and had significant impacts on hydraulic traits. In particular, the water potential at 50% loss of stem hydraulic conductance (P₅₀) decreased by 1 MPa in both treatments at 400 ppm. When subjected to elevated [CO₂], the plants under both WS and SS showed improved growth by 7-23%. Elevated [CO₂] also significantly increased xylem vulnerability (measured as loss of conductivity with decreasing xylem pressure), resulting in smaller hydraulic safety margins. According to the plant desiccation model, the critical desiccation degree (time×vapor pressure deficit) that the plants could tolerate under drought was reduced by 43-64% under elevated [CO₂]. In addition, sensitivity analysis showed that P₅₀ was the most important trait in determining the critical desiccation degree. Thus, our results demonstrated that whilst elevated [CO₂] benefited plant growth under WS or SS, it also interfered with hydraulic acclimation, thereby potentially placing the plants at a higher risk of hydraulic failure and increased mortality.