Evaluating the epidemiology and morbidity burden associated with human papillomavirus in Israel: Accounting for CIN1 and genital warts in addition to CIN2/3 and cervical cancer

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is mostly associated with cervical cancer (CC). However, it can cause other illnesses as well, all of which impact on people's wellbeing and consume healthcare resources. Measures for prevention or early detection of these conditions differ in their effectiveness and cost. An informative evaluation of the projected benefit of these measures depends on understanding the current unmet need, not only limited to CC. Objective: To evaluate the burden of HPV-related conditions in Israel, including CC, cervical precancerous lesions and genital warts. Methods: A retrospective database analysis was conducted for the second largest health management organization (HMO) in Israel, covering approximately 1.8 million people. Records were drawn following a search for key words indicative of related diagnoses, lab results, medications, or procedures for the time period of 2006-2008. Prevalence, incidence and resource utilization were analysed. Findings were extrapolated to the whole Israeli population using age and gender incidence rates. Results: Incidence of CC was found to be 5 per 100 000 females. Incidences of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grades 1, 2 and 3 were 74, 27 and 36 per 100 000 females, respectively. Incidence of genital warts was 239 and 185 per 100 000 for men and women, respectively. The overall annual economic burden was calculated to be $US48 838 058 (year 2010 values). Conclusions: HPV poses a significant burden in terms of health (clinical and quality of life) and in monetary terms, even for conditions that are sometimes regarded as benign, such as CIN1 or genital warts. Current findings should be used for proper evaluation of measures to reduce HPV-related morbidity and mortality, such as regular screening and vaccination.