Evolution of multiple-access networks — Cellular and non-cellular — In historical perspective. Part 1.

Introduction: The goal of this review is the analysis of evolution of the current and novel wireless networks, from second generation (2D) to fifth generation (5G), as well as changes in technologies and their corresponding theoretical background and protocols - from Bluetooth, WLAN, WiFi and WiMAX to LTE, OFDM/OFDMA, MIMO and LTE/MIMO advanced technologies with new hierarchy of cellular maps design — femto/pico/micro/macro. Methods: We use new theoretical frameworks to describe advanced technologies, such as multicarrier diversity technique, OFDM and OFDM novel approach, new aspects of MIMO description based on multi-beam antennas, design of various cellular maps based on new algorithms of femto/pico/ micro/macrocell deployment, and the methodology of a new MIM0/LTE system integration based on multi-beam antennas. Results: We have created a new methodology for multi-carrier diversity description of novel multiple-access networks, for the usage of OFDM/OFDMA modulation in order to overcome inter-user and inter-symbol interference in multiple-access networks, as well as multiplicative noises in multiple-access wireless networks caused by multi-ray phenomena. Finally, we have suggested how to overcome the propagation effects occurring in the terrestrial communication channels by using a combination of MIMO and LTE technologies based on multi-beam antennas. For these purposes, we present a new stochastic approach which takes into account the terrain features, such as buildings' overlay profile, buildings' density around the base station and each user's antennas, and so forth. These parameters allow us to estimate the effects of fading as a multiplicative noise source. Practical relevance: The new methodology of estimating the effects created by multiplicative noise and inter-user and inter-symbol interference in terrestrial wireless networks allows us to predict a-priory practical aspects of the current and new multiple-access wireless communication systems, like the potential number of users or the spectral efficiency of user channels for various configurations of cell deployment: femto, pico, micro, and macro, as well as the novel MIM0/LTE system configurations for future networks of the 4th and 5th generations.