TY - JOUR
T1 - Genetic Warfare
T2 - The Plant Genome's Role in Fending Off Insect Invaders
AU - Alam, Aleena
AU - Abbas, Sohail
AU - Waheed, Noman
AU - Abbas, Arzlan
AU - Weibo, Qin
AU - Huang, Jingxuan
AU - Khan, Khalid Ali
AU - Ghramh, Hamed A.
AU - Ali, Jamin
AU - Zhao, Chen Ri
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
PY - 2024/12/1
Y1 - 2024/12/1
N2 - The plant defense against insects is multiple layers of interactions. They defend through direct defense and indirect defense. Direct defenses include both physical and chemical barriers that hinder insect growth, development, and reproduction. In contrast, indirect defenses do not affect insects directly but instead suppress them by releasing volatile compounds that attract the natural enemies of herbivores. Insects overcome plant defenses by deactivating biochemical defenses, suppressing defense signaling through effectors, and altering their behavior through chemical regulation. There is always a genetic war between plants and insects. In this genetic war, plant–insect co-evolution act as both weapons and messengers. Because plants always look for new strategies to avoid insects by developing adaptation. There are molecular processes that regulate the interaction between plants and insect. Here, we examine the genes and proteins involved in plant–insect interactions and explore how their discovery has shaped the current model of the plant genome's role. Plants detect damage-associated and herbivore-associated molecular patterns through receptors, which trigger early signaling pathways involving Ca2+, reactive oxygen species, and MAP kinases. The specific defense mechanisms are activated through gene signaling pathways, including phytohormones, secondary metabolites, and transcription factors. Expanding plant genome approaches to unexplored dimensions in fending off insects should be a future priority in order to develop management strategies.
AB - The plant defense against insects is multiple layers of interactions. They defend through direct defense and indirect defense. Direct defenses include both physical and chemical barriers that hinder insect growth, development, and reproduction. In contrast, indirect defenses do not affect insects directly but instead suppress them by releasing volatile compounds that attract the natural enemies of herbivores. Insects overcome plant defenses by deactivating biochemical defenses, suppressing defense signaling through effectors, and altering their behavior through chemical regulation. There is always a genetic war between plants and insects. In this genetic war, plant–insect co-evolution act as both weapons and messengers. Because plants always look for new strategies to avoid insects by developing adaptation. There are molecular processes that regulate the interaction between plants and insect. Here, we examine the genes and proteins involved in plant–insect interactions and explore how their discovery has shaped the current model of the plant genome's role. Plants detect damage-associated and herbivore-associated molecular patterns through receptors, which trigger early signaling pathways involving Ca2+, reactive oxygen species, and MAP kinases. The specific defense mechanisms are activated through gene signaling pathways, including phytohormones, secondary metabolites, and transcription factors. Expanding plant genome approaches to unexplored dimensions in fending off insects should be a future priority in order to develop management strategies.
KW - molecular signaling pathways
KW - plant defense mechanism
KW - plant insect interaction
KW - secondary metabolites
KW - transcription factors
KW - volatile organic compounds
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85213059651&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/arch.70021
DO - 10.1002/arch.70021
M3 - Review article
C2 - 39726337
AN - SCOPUS:85213059651
SN - 0739-4462
VL - 117
JO - Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology
JF - Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology
IS - 4
M1 - e70021
ER -