Geometry of free loci and factorization of noncommutative polynomials

The free singularity locus of a noncommutative polynomial f is defined to be the sequence of hypersurfaces Z_n(f)={X∈M_n(k)^g:det⁡f(X)=0}. The main theorem of this article shows that f is irreducible if and only if Z_n(f) is eventually irreducible. A key step in the proof is an irreducibility result for linear pencils. Arising from this is a free singularity locus Nullstellensatz for noncommutative polynomials. Apart from consequences to factorization in a free algebra, the paper also discusses its applications to invariant subspaces in perturbation theory and linear matrix inequalities in real algebraic geometry.