Hierarchical Porous Aerogel-Hydrogel Interlocking Bioelectronic Interface for Arrhythmia Management

Carbon aerogels with exceptional electrical properties are considered promising materials for bioelectronics in signal detection and electrical stimulation. To address the mechanical incompatibilities of carbon aerogels with bio-interfaces, particularly for dynamic tissues and organs, the incorporation of hydrogels is an effective strategy. However, achieving excellent electrical performance in carbon aerogel-hydrogel hybrids remains a significant challenge. Two key factors contribute to this difficulty: 1) unrestricted hydrogel infiltration during preparation can lead to complete encapsulation of the conductive aerogel, and 2) the high swelling behavior of hydrogels can cause disconnection of the aerogel. Herein, a stretchable, highly conductive bioelectronic interface is achieved by forming an interlocking network between hierarchical porous carbon aerogel (PA) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel. Partial exposure of the PA due to confined infiltration of PVA into the porous structure maintains the electrical performance, while the non-swellable PVA ensures mechanical stretchability and stability. The hybrid demonstrates excellent conductivity (370 S·m⁻¹), high charge storage capacity (1.66 mC cm⁻²), remarkable stretchability (250%), and long-term stability over three months, enabling effective signal recording and electrical stimulation. For the first time, carbon aerogel-hydrogel hybrids enable cardiac pacing both ex vivo and in vivo in rat heart models. Compared to conventional platinum electrodes, the PA-PVA electrodes require lower pacing voltages, suggesting potential advantages in power efficiency and reduced tissue damage. The electrodes can be integrated with a wireless implantable device for in vivo synchronous electrocardiogram monitoring and cardiac pacing, underscoring their potential for arrhythmia management.