TY - JOUR
T1 - HIV infection is associated with an increased risk for lung cancer, independent of smoking
AU - Kirk, Gregory D.
AU - Merlo, Christian
AU - O'Driscoll, Peter
AU - Mehta, Shruti H.
AU - Galai, Noya
AU - Vlahov, David
AU - Samet, Jonathan
AU - Engels, Eric A.
N1 - Funding Information:
1Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, and 2Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and 3Viral Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland; and 4New York Academy of Medicine, New York
PY - 2007/7/1
Y1 - 2007/7/1
N2 - Background. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons have an elevated risk for lung cancer, but whether the increase reflects solely their heavy tobacco use remains an open question. Methods. The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Link to the Intravenous Experience Study has prospectively observed a cohort of injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland, since 1988, using biannual collection of clinical, laboratory, and behavioral data. Lung cancer deaths were identified through linkage with the National Death Index. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the effect of HIV infection on lung cancer risk, controlling for smoking status, drug use, and clinical variables. Results. Among 2086 AIDS Link to the Intravenous Experience Study participants observed for 19,835 personyears, 27 lung cancer deaths were identified; 14 of the deaths were among HIV-infected persons. All but 1 (96%) of the patients with lung cancer were smokers, smoking a mean of 1.2 packs per day. Lung cancer mortality increased during the highly active antiretroviral therapy era, compared with the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy period (mortality rate ratio, 4.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-16). After adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, and calendar period, HIV infection was associated with increased lung cancer risk (hazard ratio, 3.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-7.9). Preexisting lung disease, particularly noninfectious diseases and asthma, displayed trends for increased lung cancer risk. Illicit drug use was not associated with increased lung cancer risk. Among HIV-infected persons, smoking remained the major risk factor; CD4 cell count and HIV load were not strongly associated with increased lung cancer risk, and trends for increased risk with use of highly active antiretroviral therapy were not significant. Conclusions. HIV infection is associated with significantly increased risk for developing lung cancer, independent of smoking status.
AB - Background. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons have an elevated risk for lung cancer, but whether the increase reflects solely their heavy tobacco use remains an open question. Methods. The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Link to the Intravenous Experience Study has prospectively observed a cohort of injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland, since 1988, using biannual collection of clinical, laboratory, and behavioral data. Lung cancer deaths were identified through linkage with the National Death Index. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the effect of HIV infection on lung cancer risk, controlling for smoking status, drug use, and clinical variables. Results. Among 2086 AIDS Link to the Intravenous Experience Study participants observed for 19,835 personyears, 27 lung cancer deaths were identified; 14 of the deaths were among HIV-infected persons. All but 1 (96%) of the patients with lung cancer were smokers, smoking a mean of 1.2 packs per day. Lung cancer mortality increased during the highly active antiretroviral therapy era, compared with the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy period (mortality rate ratio, 4.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-16). After adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, and calendar period, HIV infection was associated with increased lung cancer risk (hazard ratio, 3.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-7.9). Preexisting lung disease, particularly noninfectious diseases and asthma, displayed trends for increased lung cancer risk. Illicit drug use was not associated with increased lung cancer risk. Among HIV-infected persons, smoking remained the major risk factor; CD4 cell count and HIV load were not strongly associated with increased lung cancer risk, and trends for increased risk with use of highly active antiretroviral therapy were not significant. Conclusions. HIV infection is associated with significantly increased risk for developing lung cancer, independent of smoking status.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=34250807781&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1086/518606
DO - 10.1086/518606
M3 - Article
C2 - 17554710
AN - SCOPUS:34250807781
SN - 1058-4838
VL - 45
SP - 103
EP - 110
JO - Clinical Infectious Diseases
JF - Clinical Infectious Diseases
IS - 1
ER -
