How to Build a 3D Model of a Fossil Hominin Vertebral Spine Based on Osseous Material

Ella Been; Tatiana Waintraub; Asier Gómez-Olivencia; Leonid Kalichman; Patricia Ann Kramer; Sara Shefi; Michalle Soudack; Alon Barash

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-19349-2_15

How to Build a 3D Model of a Fossil Hominin Vertebral Spine Based on Osseous Material

Ella Been, Tatiana Waintraub, Asier Gómez-Olivencia, Leonid Kalichman, Patricia Ann Kramer, Sara Shefi, Michalle Soudack, Alon Barash

Department of Physiotherapy

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › peer-review

3 Scopus citations

Abstract

Reconstruction of the spinal curvatures of extinct hominins is essential in order to understand their posture and function. Despite its importance, researchers face many difficulties in reconstructing spinal posture based solely on osseous material due to the absence of soft tissues. In this chapter, we explain how to align two consecutive vertebrae in the absence of the intervertebral discs. Then we summarize and demonstrate the use of the current methods for estimating sacral orientation and spinal curvatures from osseous material. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method. As an example, we demonstrate the application of these methods to the vertebral column of the Kebara 2 adult male Neandertal and present the 3D reconstruction of its spinal curvatures from the sacrum to the cervical spine. Two methods-pelvic incidence (PI) and sacral anatomical angle (SAA)-are used to describe sacral orientation. Both methods are applicable when the pelvis is relatively complete. Three methods-lumbar vertebral body wedging (LVBW), inferior articular process angle (IAPA), and lumbar lordosis based on PI (LLPI)-are used to define lumbar lordosis. Two methods-thoracic vertebral body wedging (TVBW) and thoracic vertebral body height difference (TVBHD)-are used to estimate thoracic kyphosis. Finally, foramen magnum orientation (FMO) is used to reconstruct the cervical lordosis. The calculated values for Kebara 2 are PI: 34°, SAA: 19°, IAPA: 25°, LLPI: 29°-36°, TVBHD: 44°, TVBW: 37°, FMO: 26°. Based on these calculations, we present here a complete reconstruction of the spine of Kebara 2 from the atlas to the sacrum. This is the first reconstruction of a complete vertebral spine that has been performed for a fossil hominin. Given anatomical variation, utilizing a combination of the methods is advised. The different methods are consistent with each other in each anatomical region and their combined use provides a more robust estimate.

Original language	English
Title of host publication	Spinal Evolution
Subtitle of host publication	Morphology, Function, and Pathology of the Spine in Hominoid Evolution
Editors	Ella Been, Asier Gómez-Olivencia, Patricia Ann Kramer
Place of Publication	Cham
Publisher	Springer International Publishing
Pages	341-359
Number of pages	19
ISBN (Electronic)	9783030193492
ISBN (Print)	9783030193485
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19349-2_15
State	Published - Aug 2019

Keywords

Cervical spine
Computerized tomography
Intervertebral disc
Lumbar
Posture
Thoracic

ASJC Scopus subject areas

General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
General Social Sciences
General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology

Access to Document

10.1007/978-3-030-19349-2_15

Cite this

Been, E., Waintraub, T., Gómez-Olivencia, A., Kalichman, L., Kramer, P. A., Shefi, S., Soudack, M., & Barash, A. (2019). How to Build a 3D Model of a Fossil Hominin Vertebral Spine Based on Osseous Material. In E. Been, A. Gómez-Olivencia, & P. Ann Kramer (Eds.), Spinal Evolution: Morphology, Function, and Pathology of the Spine in Hominoid Evolution (pp. 341-359). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19349-2_15

Been, Ella ; Waintraub, Tatiana ; Gómez-Olivencia, Asier et al. / How to Build a 3D Model of a Fossil Hominin Vertebral Spine Based on Osseous Material. Spinal Evolution: Morphology, Function, and Pathology of the Spine in Hominoid Evolution. editor / Ella Been ; Asier Gómez-Olivencia ; Patricia Ann Kramer. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. pp. 341-359

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abstract = "Reconstruction of the spinal curvatures of extinct hominins is essential in order to understand their posture and function. Despite its importance, researchers face many difficulties in reconstructing spinal posture based solely on osseous material due to the absence of soft tissues. In this chapter, we explain how to align two consecutive vertebrae in the absence of the intervertebral discs. Then we summarize and demonstrate the use of the current methods for estimating sacral orientation and spinal curvatures from osseous material. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method. As an example, we demonstrate the application of these methods to the vertebral column of the Kebara 2 adult male Neandertal and present the 3D reconstruction of its spinal curvatures from the sacrum to the cervical spine. Two methods-pelvic incidence (PI) and sacral anatomical angle (SAA)-are used to describe sacral orientation. Both methods are applicable when the pelvis is relatively complete. Three methods-lumbar vertebral body wedging (LVBW), inferior articular process angle (IAPA), and lumbar lordosis based on PI (LLPI)-are used to define lumbar lordosis. Two methods-thoracic vertebral body wedging (TVBW) and thoracic vertebral body height difference (TVBHD)-are used to estimate thoracic kyphosis. Finally, foramen magnum orientation (FMO) is used to reconstruct the cervical lordosis. The calculated values for Kebara 2 are PI: 34°, SAA: 19°, IAPA: 25°, LLPI: 29°-36°, TVBHD: 44°, TVBW: 37°, FMO: 26°. Based on these calculations, we present here a complete reconstruction of the spine of Kebara 2 from the atlas to the sacrum. This is the first reconstruction of a complete vertebral spine that has been performed for a fossil hominin. Given anatomical variation, utilizing a combination of the methods is advised. The different methods are consistent with each other in each anatomical region and their combined use provides a more robust estimate.",

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Been, E, Waintraub, T, Gómez-Olivencia, A, Kalichman, L, Kramer, PA, Shefi, S, Soudack, M & Barash, A 2019, How to Build a 3D Model of a Fossil Hominin Vertebral Spine Based on Osseous Material. in E Been, A Gómez-Olivencia & P Ann Kramer (eds), Spinal Evolution: Morphology, Function, and Pathology of the Spine in Hominoid Evolution. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 341-359. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19349-2_15

How to Build a 3D Model of a Fossil Hominin Vertebral Spine Based on Osseous Material. / Been, Ella; Waintraub, Tatiana; Gómez-Olivencia, Asier et al.
Spinal Evolution: Morphology, Function, and Pathology of the Spine in Hominoid Evolution. ed. / Ella Been; Asier Gómez-Olivencia; Patricia Ann Kramer. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. p. 341-359.

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › peer-review

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AU - Gómez-Olivencia, Asier

AU - Kalichman, Leonid

AU - Kramer, Patricia Ann

AU - Shefi, Sara

AU - Soudack, Michalle

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N2 - Reconstruction of the spinal curvatures of extinct hominins is essential in order to understand their posture and function. Despite its importance, researchers face many difficulties in reconstructing spinal posture based solely on osseous material due to the absence of soft tissues. In this chapter, we explain how to align two consecutive vertebrae in the absence of the intervertebral discs. Then we summarize and demonstrate the use of the current methods for estimating sacral orientation and spinal curvatures from osseous material. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method. As an example, we demonstrate the application of these methods to the vertebral column of the Kebara 2 adult male Neandertal and present the 3D reconstruction of its spinal curvatures from the sacrum to the cervical spine. Two methods-pelvic incidence (PI) and sacral anatomical angle (SAA)-are used to describe sacral orientation. Both methods are applicable when the pelvis is relatively complete. Three methods-lumbar vertebral body wedging (LVBW), inferior articular process angle (IAPA), and lumbar lordosis based on PI (LLPI)-are used to define lumbar lordosis. Two methods-thoracic vertebral body wedging (TVBW) and thoracic vertebral body height difference (TVBHD)-are used to estimate thoracic kyphosis. Finally, foramen magnum orientation (FMO) is used to reconstruct the cervical lordosis. The calculated values for Kebara 2 are PI: 34°, SAA: 19°, IAPA: 25°, LLPI: 29°-36°, TVBHD: 44°, TVBW: 37°, FMO: 26°. Based on these calculations, we present here a complete reconstruction of the spine of Kebara 2 from the atlas to the sacrum. This is the first reconstruction of a complete vertebral spine that has been performed for a fossil hominin. Given anatomical variation, utilizing a combination of the methods is advised. The different methods are consistent with each other in each anatomical region and their combined use provides a more robust estimate.

AB - Reconstruction of the spinal curvatures of extinct hominins is essential in order to understand their posture and function. Despite its importance, researchers face many difficulties in reconstructing spinal posture based solely on osseous material due to the absence of soft tissues. In this chapter, we explain how to align two consecutive vertebrae in the absence of the intervertebral discs. Then we summarize and demonstrate the use of the current methods for estimating sacral orientation and spinal curvatures from osseous material. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method. As an example, we demonstrate the application of these methods to the vertebral column of the Kebara 2 adult male Neandertal and present the 3D reconstruction of its spinal curvatures from the sacrum to the cervical spine. Two methods-pelvic incidence (PI) and sacral anatomical angle (SAA)-are used to describe sacral orientation. Both methods are applicable when the pelvis is relatively complete. Three methods-lumbar vertebral body wedging (LVBW), inferior articular process angle (IAPA), and lumbar lordosis based on PI (LLPI)-are used to define lumbar lordosis. Two methods-thoracic vertebral body wedging (TVBW) and thoracic vertebral body height difference (TVBHD)-are used to estimate thoracic kyphosis. Finally, foramen magnum orientation (FMO) is used to reconstruct the cervical lordosis. The calculated values for Kebara 2 are PI: 34°, SAA: 19°, IAPA: 25°, LLPI: 29°-36°, TVBHD: 44°, TVBW: 37°, FMO: 26°. Based on these calculations, we present here a complete reconstruction of the spine of Kebara 2 from the atlas to the sacrum. This is the first reconstruction of a complete vertebral spine that has been performed for a fossil hominin. Given anatomical variation, utilizing a combination of the methods is advised. The different methods are consistent with each other in each anatomical region and their combined use provides a more robust estimate.

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Been E, Waintraub T, Gómez-Olivencia A, Kalichman L, Kramer PA, Shefi S et al. How to Build a 3D Model of a Fossil Hominin Vertebral Spine Based on Osseous Material. In Been E, Gómez-Olivencia A, Ann Kramer P, editors, Spinal Evolution: Morphology, Function, and Pathology of the Spine in Hominoid Evolution. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 2019. p. 341-359 doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-19349-2_15

How to Build a 3D Model of a Fossil Hominin Vertebral Spine Based on Osseous Material

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Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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