Impact of built-up terrain on operational parameters of signals in land-satellite communication links

Purpose: Examining the propagation of radio signals in urban environments for different elevations of a moving sai antenna and stationary or mobile subscribers' antennas located below or above the rooftops, based on a stochastic multh metric approach and concentrating on temporal and spatial properties of signal power variations in order to predict the ch-pass loss and fading effects. Results: In the framework of the stochastic approach proposed in this work, the total signal p the corresponding probability density functions, and the scales of the temporal and frequency characteristics were analyze the predicted characteristics were examined numerically. The impact of buildings' density and satellite antenna elevation the above-mentioned characteristics of the radio signal were examined through the lens of special experiments perform various research groups worldwide. Practical relevance: As the computed and experimentally observed data give a good a ment between th% proposed stochastic approach and the approaches proposed by other researchers, it can be used to p, link budget for various built-up terrain environments and for various elevations of moving satellite antennas.