Impact of wetland degradation on biodiversity and livelihoods in Mangalajodi: An assessment using factor analysis and discriminant analysis

Aim: Wetland degradation from pollution, overuse, and habitat loss disrupts ecological balance, reduces avian biodiversity, and threatens local livelihoods reliant on farming, fishing, grazing, and eco-tourism. This study investigates the impact of wetland degradation on biodiversity and livelihoods in Mangalajodi, Odisha, a crucial ecosystem known for its migratory birds. Methodology: Data were collected from 372 respondents using a structured Likert-scale survey. Both quantitative (through structured interview schedule) and qualitative (through checklist of Focus Group Discussions) data were collected. The quantitative responses were analysed using factor analysis and discriminant analyses to identify key drivers of wetland degradation and to assess their impact on biodiversity and livelihoods. Results: Four primary drivers of wetland degradation were identified: fertilizers and pesticides, adjacent aquaculture, medical waste, and pollution/conflicts. These factors have significantly affected migratory bird populations, agricultural productivity, fish availability, and grazing resources. Fertilizer runoff and aquaculture pollution emerged as the most critical contributors to biodiversity loss and reduced livelihoods. Interpretation: The findings emphasize the need for collaborative frameworks involving local authorities and international organizations, such as UNEP, to safeguard biodiversity and support livelihoods. Integrating socio-economic considerations into conservation strategies is essential for addressing environmental challenges and ensuring sustainable development in Mangalajodi.