Influence of Age in End-of-Life Practices in Worldwide ICUs (ETHICUS-2): A Prospective Observational Study

Objectives: – The practice of limiting life-sustaining therapy (LST) at end-of-life is widespread globally. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether patient’s age influences end-of-life limitations overall and of various LST in ICUs worldwide. Design: – Multinational, multicenter, prospective observational study. Setting: – One hundred ninety-nine ICUs in 36 countries worldwide. Patients: – Consecutive adult patients admitted to ICUs who died and/or had LST limitations (withholding, withdrawing, or active shortening of the dying process) were included during a 6-month period between September 2015 and September 2016. Interventions: – None. Measurements and Main Results: – Patients were grouped: younger than 65 years, 65–79 years old, and 80 years old or older. A total of 12, 200 patients were included. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, odds ratio (OR) for any LST limitation in the 80 years old or older group was higher than in younger than the 65 years old group (OR 1.47 [95% CI, 1.22–1.76], p < 0.001). When stratified by region, this association was significant in Central and Southern Europe (OR 1.56 [95% CI, 1.11–2.20], p = 0.037 and OR 2.23 [95% CI, 1.58–3.17], p < 0.001, respectively), but not in the other regions. The proportion of withholding therapy of each LST was highest in the group of individuals 80 years or older, whereas the proportion of withdrawing therapy was highest in the group younger than 65 years. The 80-year-old or older group also had a shorter time from ICU admission to first limitation. The predominant reason for any LST limitation in all age groups was unresponsiveness to maximal therapy, followed by neurologic and chronic diseases. Patient age was rarely the primary reason for limitations for all groups. Conclusions: – End-of-life limitations were higher in patients 80 years or older compared to those 65 years old or younger, with regional variations. The main reasons for limitations were comparable across age groups, with age not being the primary reason.