Intimate Partner Violence Prevalence, Recurrence, Types, and Risk Factors Among Arab, and Jewish Immigrant and Nonimmigrant Women of Childbearing Age in Israel

This research set out to determine prevalence, recurrence, types, and risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV) among women of childrearing age across Israel, attending to diversity in these factors by ethnicity and immigration status. The first nationwide study of its kind, this research was based on a stratified proportional cluster sample of 1,401 Arab, and Jewish immigrant and nonimmigrant women (aged 16-48 years) who visited 63 maternal and child health (MCH) clinics between October 2014 and October 2015. Female research staff interviewed women face-to-face in a private room at the MCH clinics using a structured questionnaire in the women’s main language (Arabic or Hebrew). We measured IPV using a 10-item questionnaire used for screening at some MCH clinics. Response rate was 74%. In the multivariate analysis, we used generalized estimating equations (GEEs) to adjust for the MCH clinic cluster effect. We found marked differences in the prevalence of IPV among Arab, and Jewish immigrant and nonimmigrant women (67%, 30%, and 27%, respectively). Types (physical, verbal and social) and recurrence of IPV were significantly higher among Arab women compared with the other two groups. In the GEE analysis, compared with IPV among Jewish nonimmigrants, IPV among Arab women persisted after considering socioeconomic, sociodemographic, and reproductive factors (odds ratio = 3.83; 95% confidence interval = [2.55, 5.72]). Low family income was the main risk factor for IPV for all women. Among Arab women, younger age, high religiosity, and living in urban settings were associated with higher IPV. These results suggest that diversity (ethnicity and immigration status) should be considered when developing tailored policies and interventions to protect women from IPV.