Magnitude of Short-wavelength Electric Field Fluctuations in Simulations of Collisionless Plasma Shocks

Large-amplitude electrostatic fluctuations are routinely observed by spacecraft upon traversal of collisionless shocks in the heliosphere. Kinetic simulations of shocks have struggled to reproduce the amplitude of such fluctuations, complicating efforts to understand their influence on energy dissipation and shock structure. In this paper, one-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations with realistic proton-to-electron mass ratio are used to show that in cases with upstream electron temperature T_e exceeding the ion temperature T_i, the magnitude of the fluctuations increases with the electron plasma-to-cyclotron frequency ratio ω_pe/Ω_ce, reaching realistic values at ω_pe/Ω_ce ≳ 30. The large-amplitude fluctuations in the simulations are shown to be associated with electrostatic solitary structures, such as ion phase-space holes. In the cases where upstream temperature ratio is reversed, the magnitude of the fluctuations remains small.