Marcus Antonius' Funeral Oration for Iulius Caesar: Fragments and Testimoniejs in Classical Literature: Modes of Citation and Representation¹

Marcus Antonius' lost works serve as instructive case studies to review ancient citing practices. His eulogy in fionour of Iulius Caesar, the exchange of political invective with Cicero, and the war ofl propaganda against Octavian, illustrate different modes of reported speech or text. These works, which reflect the political strife of the late Roman Republic, enable us to reveal specific characteristics of testimonies and fragments. The importance of literary remainsj for the study of the ancient world has long been acknowledged by classical scholars. Nevertheless, the practice of collecting fragments and testimonies still lacks systema ic theorization. This study aims to provide a comprehensive discussion of fragments and testimonies and classify them into their different types.