Mechanism of Catalytic Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate in the Presence of Ti₃C₂T_x

The thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) proceeds via a well-established stepwise mechanism. However, its catalytic decomposition under combustion conditions is not yet fully understood. This study investigates and clarifies the catalytic decomposition pathway of AP in the presence of Ti₃C₂T_x, a novel two-dimensional (2D) material with unique structural properties. MXene was chosen for its exceptional conductivity, large surface area, and layered architecture, which provide active sites for redox interactions and enhance the thermal decomposition rate of AP. During combustion of AP-based solid rocket propellants, MXene acts as a catalyst, promoting more complete and rapid oxidation reactions. The combustion products were thoroughly analyzed using X-ray phase analysis, and based on the obtained data, stoichiometric equations for the potential reaction pathways were proposed. These equations highlight the formation of metal oxides and intermediate chlorinated compounds. Furthermore, a schematic model illustrating the catalytic action of Ti3C2Tx was developed, showing the interaction between AP molecules and MXene’s surface functional groups. These findings advance understanding of nanocatalyst behavior in energetic materials and offer insights for improving solid-propellant performance via MXene incorporation.