Nanostructural superconducting materials for fault current limiters and cryogenic electrical machines

Materials of the Y-Ba-Cu-O (melt-textured YBa₂Cu₃ O₇δ-based materials or MT-YBCO) and Mg-B-O (MgB ₂-based materials) systems with high superconducting performance, which can be attained due to the formation of regularly distributed nanostructural defects and inhomogeneities in their structure can be effectively used in cryogenic technique, in particular in fault current limiters and electrical machines (electromotors, generators, pumps for liquid gases, etc.). The developed processes of high-temperature (900-800°C) oxygenation under elevated pressure (16 MPa) of MT-YBCO and high-pressure (2 GPa) synthesis of MgB₂-based materials allowed us to attain high superconductive (critical current densities, upper critical fields, fields of irreversibility, trapped magnetic fields) and mechanical (hardness, fracture toughness, Young modulus) characteristics. It has been shown that the effect of materials properties improvement in the case of MT-YBCO was attained due to the formation of high twin density (20-22 μm_-1), prevention of macrocracking and reduction (by a, factor of 4.5) of microcrack density, and in the case of MgB₂-based materials due to the formation of oxygen-enriched as compared to the matrix phase fine-dispersed Mg-B-O inhomogeneities as well as inclusions of higher borides with near-MgB₁₂ stoichiometry in the Mg-B-O matrix (with 15-37 nm average grain sizes). The possibility is shown to obtain the rather high T_c (37 K) and critical current densities in materials with MgB₁₂ matrix (with 95% of shielding fraction as calculated from the resistant curve).