TY - JOUR
T1 - Nationwide analysis of air pollution hotspots across India
T2 - A spatiotemporal PM2.5 trend analysis (2008–2019)
AU - Jaganathan, Suganthi
AU - Rajiva, Ajit
AU - Amini, Heresh
AU - de Bont, Jeroen
AU - Dixit, Shweta
AU - Dutta, Anubrati
AU - Kloog, Itai
AU - Lane, Kevin J.
AU - Menon, Jyothi S.
AU - Nori-Sarma, Amruta
AU - Prabhakaran, Dorairaj
AU - Schwartz, Joel
AU - Sharma, Praggya
AU - Stafoggia, Massimo
AU - Walia, Gagandeep Kaur
AU - Wellenius, Gregory A.
AU - Prabhakaran, Poornima
AU - Ljungman, Petter
AU - Mandal, Siddhartha
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 The Authors
PY - 2025/1/1
Y1 - 2025/1/1
N2 - Introduction: India experiences high levels of air pollution as measured by fine particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) across the country. With limited resources, it is imperative to identify the most impacted areas. We aimed to identify air pollution hotspots in India and analyze temporal trends. Methods: We conducted a geospatial analysis using Getis-Ord Gi statistics on gridded-annual levels of PM2.5 disaggregated for every state/UT and three largest cities [Delhi, Kolkata & Mumbai] of India from 2008 to 2019. The annual average PM2.5 was derived from a validated and robust nationwide spatiotemporal model(1kmx1km). Hotspots were identified annually using Gi∗ score and p-value and temporal trends across 2 periods [T1:2008–2013 & T2:2014–2019] for each spatial unit. We classified temporal trends based on the number of occurrences of hotspots in T1 and in T2 as consistent (similar in T1 & T2), declining (decreasing in T2) and emerging (increasing in T2) hotspots. Results: We identified consistent hotspots in 9.9% followed by emerging hotspots in 2.6% of the country where 16% and 4.9% people live. In addition, we identified declining hotspots in 2.6% area with 3.4% of the population. Rajasthan had largest share of area identified as consistent hotspots while Uttar Pradesh had densely populated consistent hotspots. Maharashtra had both higher number of areas identified as emerging and declining hotspots. Among the largest cities, Kolkata had highest proportion of consistent hotspots. We identified 170 additional cities with either consistent or emerging hotspots beyond the non-attainment cities as defined by the National Clean Air Programme. Conclusion: India continues to have large areas of consistent and emerging hotspots of air pollution where close to a fifth of India's population live. Identifying hotspots can inform strategic approach for targeted action in air quality management, appropriate resource allocation and a baseline for assessing intervention effectiveness and future programs and policies, including health.
AB - Introduction: India experiences high levels of air pollution as measured by fine particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) across the country. With limited resources, it is imperative to identify the most impacted areas. We aimed to identify air pollution hotspots in India and analyze temporal trends. Methods: We conducted a geospatial analysis using Getis-Ord Gi statistics on gridded-annual levels of PM2.5 disaggregated for every state/UT and three largest cities [Delhi, Kolkata & Mumbai] of India from 2008 to 2019. The annual average PM2.5 was derived from a validated and robust nationwide spatiotemporal model(1kmx1km). Hotspots were identified annually using Gi∗ score and p-value and temporal trends across 2 periods [T1:2008–2013 & T2:2014–2019] for each spatial unit. We classified temporal trends based on the number of occurrences of hotspots in T1 and in T2 as consistent (similar in T1 & T2), declining (decreasing in T2) and emerging (increasing in T2) hotspots. Results: We identified consistent hotspots in 9.9% followed by emerging hotspots in 2.6% of the country where 16% and 4.9% people live. In addition, we identified declining hotspots in 2.6% area with 3.4% of the population. Rajasthan had largest share of area identified as consistent hotspots while Uttar Pradesh had densely populated consistent hotspots. Maharashtra had both higher number of areas identified as emerging and declining hotspots. Among the largest cities, Kolkata had highest proportion of consistent hotspots. We identified 170 additional cities with either consistent or emerging hotspots beyond the non-attainment cities as defined by the National Clean Air Programme. Conclusion: India continues to have large areas of consistent and emerging hotspots of air pollution where close to a fifth of India's population live. Identifying hotspots can inform strategic approach for targeted action in air quality management, appropriate resource allocation and a baseline for assessing intervention effectiveness and future programs and policies, including health.
KW - Air pollution
KW - Fine particulate matter
KW - Hotspot analysis
KW - India
KW - PM2.5
KW - Spatiotemporal analysis
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85208286823&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.envres.2024.120276
DO - 10.1016/j.envres.2024.120276
M3 - Article
C2 - 39510231
AN - SCOPUS:85208286823
SN - 0013-9351
VL - 264
JO - Environmental Research
JF - Environmental Research
M1 - 120276
ER -
