TY - JOUR
T1 - Near-source audiovisual, hydroacoustic, and seismic observations of Dead Sea underwater explosions
AU - Gitterman, Y.
N1 - Funding Information:
The calibration experiment was supported by the US Department of Defense under contract DSWA01-97-C-0151. Mr. S. Kobi, of ELITA Security Ltd. and Eng. E. Hausirer of Explosives Manufacturing Industries (1997) Ltd., provided the design, assembling of HE charges, and conducting of the explosions. Mr. M. Gonen, of Gonen Marine Works Ltd., provided the boat and the raft for all sea operations. Dr. L. Sadwin, of Sadwin Engineering Consultancy, Israel, conducted measurements of shock waves by piezoelectric sensors donated by the Israel Ministry of National Infrastructures. Special thanks to Dr. M. Eneva, of Maxwell Technologies, and Dr. D. Baumgardt, of ENSCO, Inc., who supplied valuable results of the complicated analysis and interpretation of the data obtained. The management and staff of the Geophysical Institute of Israel provided technical support throughout the experiment; the whole experiment could not be realized without support and efforts of Dr. A. Shapira.
PY - 2009/3/1
Y1 - 2009/3/1
N2 - Results of a study of hydroacoustic, acoustic, and seismic effects from a series of three large-scale chemical explosions of 0.5, 2, and 5 tons, conducted in November, 1999 in the Dead Sea, are presented. The shots were detonated at a water depth of 70 m (485 m below the ocean level). The main objective of the experiment was calibration of seismic stations of the International Monitoring System in the Middle East, using accurate travel times and source phenomenology features of underwater explosions. The largest shot provided magnitude about 4 and was recorded at distances up to 3500 km. Near-source seismic and hydroacoustic observations obtained were utilized to estimate source parameters of the conducted explosions. Based on the curve-fit equation of the time-pressure measurements, the direct shock wave energy was estimated as 30.8% of the total explosive energy. The TNT equivalent to the 5000 kg charge of the explosive used (Chenamon) was determined as 4010 kg, corresponding to the manufacturer's estimate of the Chenamon energy as ≈80% TNT.
AB - Results of a study of hydroacoustic, acoustic, and seismic effects from a series of three large-scale chemical explosions of 0.5, 2, and 5 tons, conducted in November, 1999 in the Dead Sea, are presented. The shots were detonated at a water depth of 70 m (485 m below the ocean level). The main objective of the experiment was calibration of seismic stations of the International Monitoring System in the Middle East, using accurate travel times and source phenomenology features of underwater explosions. The largest shot provided magnitude about 4 and was recorded at distances up to 3500 km. Near-source seismic and hydroacoustic observations obtained were utilized to estimate source parameters of the conducted explosions. Based on the curve-fit equation of the time-pressure measurements, the direct shock wave energy was estimated as 30.8% of the total explosive energy. The TNT equivalent to the 5000 kg charge of the explosive used (Chenamon) was determined as 4010 kg, corresponding to the manufacturer's estimate of the Chenamon energy as ≈80% TNT.
KW - Hydroacoustics
KW - Seismic waves
KW - Shock wave
KW - Underwater explosion
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=64949179841&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s10573-009-0029-1
DO - 10.1007/s10573-009-0029-1
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:64949179841
SN - 0010-5082
VL - 45
SP - 218
EP - 229
JO - Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves
JF - Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves
IS - 2
ER -