Novel Stochastic modeling and filtering of the attitude quaternion

A novel continuous-time stochastic differential equation (SDE) for spacecraft attitude quaternion kinematics with state-multiplicative noise and a novel continuous-time exact optimal quaternion filter are developed in the framework of Ito (mean-square) calculus. The quaternion Ito SDE contains dissipative terms that ensure the mean-square stability of the process. Closed-form deterministic propagation equations are developed for the second-order moment of the quaternion. The quaternion filter produces the linear minimum- variance unbiased estimate of the quaternion from continuous observations with additive white noise. The filter gain computations include coupled Riccati equations of the estimation error matrix and of the quaternion second-order moment. These computations are not estimate-dependent and can therefore be performed off-line. The special case of gyro error white noise with independent identically distributed components is considered. The case of correlated components can be addressed straightforwardly. Additive gyro biases are easily handled via state augmentation. Extensive Monte-Carlo simulations are performed in order to validate the Ito model and to illustrate the proposed filter accuracy. Comparative simulations of the novel filter and of a standard additive extended Kalman filter are performed both for attitude-only estimation and for attitude-bias estimation. For practical purposes, the novel modeling and filtering approach shows similar results as the standard approach when the process noise level is low. For high signal-to-noise ratio however, the numerical study suggests that the novel filter can increase the accuracy of a conventional Kalman by orders of magnitudes.