TY - JOUR
T1 - Prevalence of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes in non-traditional irrigation waters in the Mid-Atlantic United States is affected by water type, season, and recovery method
AU - Sharma, Manan
AU - Handy, Eric T.
AU - East, Cheryl L.
AU - Kim, Seongyun
AU - Jiang, Chengsheng
AU - Callahan, Mary Theresa
AU - Allard, Sarah M.
AU - Micallef, Shirley
AU - Craighead, Shani
AU - Anderson-Coughlin, Brienna
AU - Gartley, Samantha
AU - Vanore, Adam
AU - Kniel, Kalmia E.
AU - Haymaker, Joseph
AU - Duncan, Rico
AU - Foust, Derek
AU - White, Chanelle
AU - Taabodi, Maryam
AU - Hashem, Fawzy
AU - Parveen, Salina
AU - May, Eric
AU - Bui, Anthony
AU - Craddock, Hillary
AU - Kulkarni, Prachi
AU - Murray, Rianna T.
AU - Sapkota, Amy R.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 Public Library of Science. All rights reserved.
PY - 2020/1/1
Y1 - 2020/1/1
N2 - Irrigation water contaminated with Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes may provide a route of contamination of raw or minimally processed fruits and vegetables. While previous work has surveyed specific and singular types of agricultural irrigation water for bacterial pathogens, few studies have simultaneously surveyed different water sources repeatedly over an extended period of time. This study quantified S. enterica and L. monocytogenes levels (MPN/L) at 6 sites, including river waters: tidal freshwater river (MA04, n = 34), non-tidal freshwater river, (MA05, n = 32), one reclaimed water holding pond (MA06, n = 25), two pond water sites (MA10, n = 35; MA11, n = 34), and one produce wash water site (MA12, n = 10) from September 2016-October 2018. Overall, 50% (84/168) and 31% (53/ 170) of sampling events recovered S. enterica and L. monocytogenes, respectively. Results showed that river waters supported significantly (p < 0.05) greater levels of S. enterica than pond or reclaimed waters. The non-tidal river water sites (MA05) with the lowest water temperature supported significantly greater level of L. monocytogenes compared to all other sites; L. monocytogenes levels were also lower in winter and spring compared to summer seasons. Filtering 10 L of water through a modified Moore swab (MMS) was 43.5 (Odds ratio, p < 0.001) and 25.5 (p < 0.001) times more likely to recover S. enterica than filtering 1 L and 0.1 L, respectively; filtering 10 L was 4.8 (p < 0.05) and 3.9 (p < 0.05) times more likely to recover L. monocytogenes than 1L and 0.1 L, respectively. Work presented here shows that S. enterica and L. monocytogenes levels are higher in river waters compared to pond or reclaimed waters in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S., and quantitatively shows that analyzing 10 L water is more likely recover pathogens than smaller samples of environmental waters.
AB - Irrigation water contaminated with Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes may provide a route of contamination of raw or minimally processed fruits and vegetables. While previous work has surveyed specific and singular types of agricultural irrigation water for bacterial pathogens, few studies have simultaneously surveyed different water sources repeatedly over an extended period of time. This study quantified S. enterica and L. monocytogenes levels (MPN/L) at 6 sites, including river waters: tidal freshwater river (MA04, n = 34), non-tidal freshwater river, (MA05, n = 32), one reclaimed water holding pond (MA06, n = 25), two pond water sites (MA10, n = 35; MA11, n = 34), and one produce wash water site (MA12, n = 10) from September 2016-October 2018. Overall, 50% (84/168) and 31% (53/ 170) of sampling events recovered S. enterica and L. monocytogenes, respectively. Results showed that river waters supported significantly (p < 0.05) greater levels of S. enterica than pond or reclaimed waters. The non-tidal river water sites (MA05) with the lowest water temperature supported significantly greater level of L. monocytogenes compared to all other sites; L. monocytogenes levels were also lower in winter and spring compared to summer seasons. Filtering 10 L of water through a modified Moore swab (MMS) was 43.5 (Odds ratio, p < 0.001) and 25.5 (p < 0.001) times more likely to recover S. enterica than filtering 1 L and 0.1 L, respectively; filtering 10 L was 4.8 (p < 0.05) and 3.9 (p < 0.05) times more likely to recover L. monocytogenes than 1L and 0.1 L, respectively. Work presented here shows that S. enterica and L. monocytogenes levels are higher in river waters compared to pond or reclaimed waters in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S., and quantitatively shows that analyzing 10 L water is more likely recover pathogens than smaller samples of environmental waters.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85081931838&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1371/journal.pone.0229365
DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0229365
M3 - Article
C2 - 32182252
AN - SCOPUS:85081931838
SN - 1932-6203
VL - 15
JO - PLoS ONE
JF - PLoS ONE
IS - 3
M1 - e0229365
ER -