Protected Areas Under Threat: Unravelling the Protected Areas Downgrading, Downsizing, and Degazettement (PADDD) Events in Myanmar in a Global Context: 1989–2020

Though global efforts are increasingly being urged to expand Protected Areas (PAs), PA Downgrading, Downsizing, and Degazettement (PADDD) events have been widespread worldwide to date. However, such events may often be poorly understood, as is the case in Myanmar, due to limited awareness of PADDD’s role and inadequate reporting. To fill this information gap, this study aimed to examine the enacted PADDD events and their impacts. A comprehensive dataset was developed for the enacted Myanmar PADDD events by compiling relevant PA documents. We identified 73 enacted PADDD events in 20 PAs (in Myanmar), affecting 1231.4 km² between 1989 and 2020, with downsizing as the sole type of PADDD in Myanmar. While rural settlements, other proximate causes, and infrastructure were highly associated with PADDD events, degradation contributed to the highest reduction in PA extent. Case studies demonstrated that PA habitats were more fragmented and deforested in the post-PADDD era. Land cover changes were more severe in PADDDed areas than in unPADDDed areas, while ranges of threatened species remained unprotected in PADDDed areas. Our results underscore the importance of comprehensive evaluations of the proposed PADDD and firm PADDD policy in safeguarding the PA estate and mitigating future potential PADDD events.