PVP-coated Gd-grafted nanodiamonds as a novel and potentially safer contrast agent for in vivo MRI

Purpose: Testing the potential use of saline suspension of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated gadolinium(Gd)-grafted detonation nanodiamonds (DND) as a novel contrast agent in MRI. Methods: Stable saline suspensions of highly purified de-agglomerated Gd-grafted DND particles coated by a PVP protective shell were prepared. T₁ and T₂ proton relaxivities of the suspensions with varying gadolinium concentration were measured at 8 Tesla. A series of ex vivo (phantom) and in vivo dynamic scans were obtained in 3 Tesla MRI using PVP-coated Gd-grafted DND and gadoterate meglumin in equal concentrations of gadolinium, and then T₁-weighted hyperintensity was compared. Results: The proton relaxivities of PVP-coated Gd-grafted DND were found to be r₁ = 15.9 ± 0.8 s⁻¹ mM⁻¹ and r₂ = 262 ± 15 s⁻¹ mM⁻¹, respectively, which are somewhat less than those for uncoated Gd-grafted DND but still high enough. Ex vivo MRI evaluation of PVP-coated Gd-grafted DND results with a dose-dependent T₁-weighted hyperintensity with a significant advantage over the same for gadoterate meglumin. The same was found when the 2 contrast agents were tested in vivo. Conclusion: The novel MRI contrast agent — saline suspensions of PVP-coated Gd-grafted DND — provides significantly higher signal intensities than the common tracer gadoterate meglumin, therefore increasing its potential for a safer use in clinics.