Quantification of the water-use reduction associated with the transition from coal to natural gas in the US electricity sector

Andrew J. Kondash, Dalia Patino-Echeverri, Avner Vengosh

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

14 Scopus citations

Abstract

The transition from coal to natural gas and renewables in the electricity sector and the rise of unconventional shale gas extraction are likely to affect water usage throughout the US. While new natural-gas power plants use less water than coal-fired power plants, shale gas extraction through hydraulic fracturing has increased water utilization and intensity. We integrated water and energy use data to quantify the intensity of water use in the US throughout the electricity's lifecycle. We show that in spite of the rise of water use for hydraulic fracturing, during 2013-2016 the overall annual water withdrawal (8.74 × 1010 m3) and consumption (1.75 × 109 m3) for coal were larger than those of natural gas (4.55 × 1010 m3, and 1.07 × 109 m3, respectively). We find that during this period, for every MWh of electricity that has been generated with natural gas instead of coal, there has been a reduction of ∼1 m3 in water consumption and ∼40 m3 in water withdrawal. Examining plant locations spatially, we find that only a small proportion of net electricity generation takes place in water stressed areas, while a large proportion of both coal (37%) and natural gas (50%) are extracted in water stressed areas. We also show that the growing contribution of renewable energy technologies such as wind and solar will reduce water consumption at an even greater magnitude than the transition from coal to natural gas, eliminating much of water withdrawals and consumption for electricity generation in the US.

Original languageEnglish
Article number124028
JournalEnvironmental Research Letters
Volume14
Issue number12
DOIs
StatePublished - 4 Dec 2019
Externally publishedYes

Keywords

  • Coal
  • Electricity
  • Hydraulic fracturing
  • Shale gas
  • Thermoelectric plants
  • Water intensity
  • Water-energy nexus

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
  • Environmental Science (all)
  • Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

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