TY - JOUR
T1 - Recent advances in bubble-assisted Liquid Hole-Multipliers in liquid xenon
AU - Erdal, E.
AU - Arazi, L.
AU - Tesi, A.
AU - Roy, A.
AU - Shchemelinin, S.
AU - Vartsky, D.
AU - Breskin, A.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was partly supported by the Israel Science Foundation (Grant No. 791/15) and Minerva Foundation with funding from the German Ministry for Education and Research (Grant No. 712025). We are indebted to Dr. M. Rappaport of the Physics Core Facilities for his thoughtful advice and assistance on the cryogenic design of the experimental setup. We thank B. Pasmantirer and O. Diner from the Design Office, H. Takeia and members of his Mechanical Workshop and Y. Asher from the Physics Core Facilities (all at the Weizmann Institute) for their invaluable assistance in the design and manufacture of the experimental MiniX setup. We also thank Dr. A. Kish of Zurich University for the manufacture of the PMT bases and Dr. O. Aviv, L. Broshi, Z. Yungrais and T. Riemer from Soreq NRC for the preparation of the 241Am source. The research was carried out within the R&D program of the DARWIN Consortium for future LXe dark matter observatory. It is part of the CERN-RD51 detector R&D program.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd and Sissa Medialab.
PY - 2018/12/4
Y1 - 2018/12/4
N2 - We report on recent advances in the operation of bubble-assisted Liquid Hole-Multipliers (LHM). By confining a vapor bubble under or adjacent to a perforated electrode immersed in liquid xenon, we could record both radiation-induced ionization electrons and primary scintillation photons in the noble liquid. Four types of LHM electrodes were investigated: a THGEM, standard double-conical GEM, 50 μm-thick single-conical GEM (SC-GEM) and 125 μm-thick SC-GEM - all coated with CsI photocathodes. The 125 μm-thick SC-GEM provided the highest electroluminescence (EL) yields, up to ∼ 400 photons per electron over 4π , with an RMS pulse-height resolution reaching 5.5% for events comprising ∼ 7000 primary electrons. Applying a high transfer field across the bubble, the EL yield was further increased by a factor of ∼ 5. The feasibility of a vertical-mode LHM, with the bubble confined between two vertical electrodes, and the operation of a two-stage LHM configuration were demonstrated for the first time. We combine electrostatic simulations with observed signals to draw conclusions regarding the location of the liquid-gas interface and suggest an explanation for the observed differences in EL yield between the investigated electrodes.
AB - We report on recent advances in the operation of bubble-assisted Liquid Hole-Multipliers (LHM). By confining a vapor bubble under or adjacent to a perforated electrode immersed in liquid xenon, we could record both radiation-induced ionization electrons and primary scintillation photons in the noble liquid. Four types of LHM electrodes were investigated: a THGEM, standard double-conical GEM, 50 μm-thick single-conical GEM (SC-GEM) and 125 μm-thick SC-GEM - all coated with CsI photocathodes. The 125 μm-thick SC-GEM provided the highest electroluminescence (EL) yields, up to ∼ 400 photons per electron over 4π , with an RMS pulse-height resolution reaching 5.5% for events comprising ∼ 7000 primary electrons. Applying a high transfer field across the bubble, the EL yield was further increased by a factor of ∼ 5. The feasibility of a vertical-mode LHM, with the bubble confined between two vertical electrodes, and the operation of a two-stage LHM configuration were demonstrated for the first time. We combine electrostatic simulations with observed signals to draw conclusions regarding the location of the liquid-gas interface and suggest an explanation for the observed differences in EL yield between the investigated electrodes.
KW - Charge transport, multiplication and electroluminescence in rare gases and liquids
KW - Micropattern gaseous detectors (MSGC, GEM, THGEM, RETHGEM, MHSP, MICROPIC, MICROMEGAS, InGrid, etc)
KW - Noble liquid detectors (scintillation, ionization, double-phase)
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85059898265&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1088/1748-0221/13/12/P12008
DO - 10.1088/1748-0221/13/12/P12008
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85059898265
VL - 13
JO - Journal of Instrumentation
JF - Journal of Instrumentation
SN - 1748-0221
IS - 12
M1 - P12008
ER -