Second transplantation using allogeneic peripheral blood stem cells in a β-thalassaemia major patient featuring stable mixed chimaerism

Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for β-thalassaemia major carries the risks of disease recurrence due to residual thalassaemic stem cells or true immune-mediated rejection. We report a thalassaemic patient who displayed stable mixed chimaerism with only 5% donor-derived cells for about 5 years after BMT. Displacement of host cells was accomplished by ambulatory non-myeloablative conditioning and allogeneic G-CSF mobilized peripheral blood stem cell transplantation from the same donor, resulting in full reconstitution. Patients featuring stable mixed chimaerism after BMT may benefit from allogeneic cell therapy with immunocompetent lymphocytes and stem cells, whilst avoiding supralethal conditioning.