Standing of giants shoulders the story of the mitochondrial Na⁺Ca²⁺ exchanger

It is now the 40th anniversary of the Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology paper by Ernesto Carafoli and colleagues. This seminal study described for the first time mitochondrial Ca²⁺ extrusion and its coupling to Na⁺. This short review will describe the profound impact that this work had on mitochondrial signaling and the cross talk between the mitochondria, the ER, and the plasma membrane. It will further tell how the functional identification and in particular its unique cation selectivity to both Li⁺ and Na⁺ eventually contributed to the identification of the mitochondrial Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger gene NCLX many years later. The last part will describe how molecular tools derived from NCLX identification are used to study the novel physiological aspects of Ca²⁺ signaling.