TY - JOUR
T1 - Ten-year study of fine aerosol at Sde Boker, Israel, using PIXE
T2 - Time trends, seasonal variation, correlations, and source areas for anthropogenic elements
AU - Maenhaut, Willy
AU - Karnieli, Arnon
AU - Andreae, Meinrat O.
N1 - Funding Information:
W.M. acknowledges the financial support from the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office , the Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek–Vlaanderen , and the Special Research Fund of Ghent University . He is also grateful to Jan Cafmeyer, Jacek Ptasinski, and Nico Raes for their assistance in the chemical analyses. M.O.A. acknowledges Tracey W. Andreae for data management of the Sde Boker results and the Max Planck Society for financial support. Thanks are also due to Charles Ichoku and Leah Orlovsky for their help with the filter collections.
PY - 2014/1/1
Y1 - 2014/1/1
N2 - From January 1995 through December 2004 aerosol samples were collected at Sde Boker, Israel, with a Gent stacked filter unit sampler. The collections were done according to a 2-2-3 day schedule, which resulted in about 150 samples per year. The samples were analysed for the particulate mass (PM) by weighing, for black carbon (BC) by a light reflectance technique, and for up to 46 elements by a combination of PIXE and instrumental neutron activation analysis. Here, we report on the fine (PM2) size fraction data for the PM, BC, and the following nine anthropogenic elements S, V, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sb, and Pb, and discuss their time trends, seasonal variation, correlations, and source areas. The largest changes in the annual medians over the 10-year period were found for S, Ni, Se, Sb, and Pb, i.e., of-34%,-25%,-47%, +26%, and-40%, respectively. The seasonal variation was largest for S, with 1.6 times higher concentrations in summer than in the other three seasons. Vanadium and Ni were very highly correlated with each other (r = 0.95), pointing to a dominant common source, which is undoubtedly oil burning. Trajectory statistics, using 10-day back trajectories with arrival at 300 m above ground, were applied to assess the source areas. Sulphur originated mostly from south-eastern Europe (i.e., Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, and southern Russia) and As from the south-eastern part of European Russia, whilst the source picture for Zn was rather unclear. The other six anthropogenic elements and BC seemed to originate mainly from regional sources.
AB - From January 1995 through December 2004 aerosol samples were collected at Sde Boker, Israel, with a Gent stacked filter unit sampler. The collections were done according to a 2-2-3 day schedule, which resulted in about 150 samples per year. The samples were analysed for the particulate mass (PM) by weighing, for black carbon (BC) by a light reflectance technique, and for up to 46 elements by a combination of PIXE and instrumental neutron activation analysis. Here, we report on the fine (PM2) size fraction data for the PM, BC, and the following nine anthropogenic elements S, V, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sb, and Pb, and discuss their time trends, seasonal variation, correlations, and source areas. The largest changes in the annual medians over the 10-year period were found for S, Ni, Se, Sb, and Pb, i.e., of-34%,-25%,-47%, +26%, and-40%, respectively. The seasonal variation was largest for S, with 1.6 times higher concentrations in summer than in the other three seasons. Vanadium and Ni were very highly correlated with each other (r = 0.95), pointing to a dominant common source, which is undoubtedly oil burning. Trajectory statistics, using 10-day back trajectories with arrival at 300 m above ground, were applied to assess the source areas. Sulphur originated mostly from south-eastern Europe (i.e., Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, and southern Russia) and As from the south-eastern part of European Russia, whilst the source picture for Zn was rather unclear. The other six anthropogenic elements and BC seemed to originate mainly from regional sources.
KW - Atmospheric aerosols
KW - Elements
KW - INAA
KW - Negev desert
KW - PIXE
KW - Sources
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84888870940&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.nimb.2013.05.092
DO - 10.1016/j.nimb.2013.05.092
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84888870940
SN - 0168-583X
VL - 318
SP - 119
EP - 124
JO - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms
JF - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms
IS - PART A
ER -