The cognition-numeracy model of math learning disabilities

Some experts propose that dyscalculia is caused by poor cognitive abilities, while others believe the cause is poor number sense. We propose a distinction between specific learning disability in math and dyscalculia. Learning disability is identified using the Cattell-Horn-Carroll model of cognitive abilities and the discrepancy/consistency model of specific learning disability. This approach emphasizes a poor cognitive ability that is at the base of poor math achievement, while most other cognitive abilities are intact. Dyscalculia should be identified by poor number sense. While some children may have both conditions, a clear distinction between them leads to a more accurate assessment of math difficulties. Our suggestion that math difficulties are based on heterogenic cognitive disabilities enables practitioners to plan targeted interventions that focus on poor cognitive ability or on ways to circumvent the poor number sense, thus highlighting the importance of selecting more homogeneous groups of participants for research.