Therapeutic potential of small peptides in Alzheimer's disease: Advances in memory restoration and targeted delivery systems

Despite extensive research into Alzheimer's disease (AD), few therapeutic strategies have successfully addressed its core pathology at the synaptic level. Small peptides represent a promising class of therapeutic agents capable of modulating key molecular pathways involved in amyloid toxicity, tau hyperphosphorylation, and synaptic degeneration. Their unique ability to cross biological barriers, interact with intracellular targets, and be modified for enhanced stability positions them as viable candidates for next-generation treatments targeting cognitive decline in AD.Small peptides show strong therapeutic potential yet face challenges in clinical application due to poor bioavailability and rapid enzymatic degradation. To deal with these limitations, various delivery strategies such as intranasal administration, nanoparticle encapsulation, and chemical modification have been developed. When combined with advanced delivery systems, small peptides hold significant promise for mitigating synaptic dysfunction and slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we examine the mechanisms of action of four small peptides that demonstrate potential in alleviating Alzheimer's-related symptoms. We also evaluate the most effective delivery methods, emphasizing how these approaches enhance the peptides' therapeutic efficacy.