Treated Oil Shale Ashes as Cement and Fine Aggregates Substitutes for the Concrete Industry

The increased global demand for energy and the environmental concerns associated with fossil fuels highlight the need for alternative approaches. Fossil fuel combustion, particularly coal and oil shale, contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and generates large amounts of ash residues, posing environmental challenges. This study focuses on the potential of thermal treatment to upgrade oil shale bottom ash (OSBA) for use as a cement replacement in concrete, addressing both the economic viability of oil shale combustion and the environmental issue of ash waste management. The findings have significant implications for improving the economics and environmental sustainability of oil shale combustion in construction. By enhancing the properties of OSBA, this study contributes to the advancement of greener energy solutions and waste management practices in the energy and construction sectors.