TY - JOUR
T1 - Trinuclear complexes of palladium(II) with chalcogenated N-heterocyclic carbenes
T2 - Catalysis of selective nitrile-primary amide interconversion and Sonogashira coupling
AU - Dubey, Pooja
AU - Gupta, Sonu
AU - Singh, Ajai K.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
PY - 2017/1/1
Y1 - 2017/1/1
N2 - 3-Methyl-1-(2-(phenylthio/seleno)ethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-3-ium iodide (L1/L2), a precursor of sulfated/selenated N-heterocyclic carbene, was synthesized by the reaction of benzimidazole with 1,2-dichloroethane followed by treatment with PhS/SeNa and MeI. The reaction of L1/L2 with Ag2O followed by treatment with [Pd(CH3CN)2Cl2] (metal to ligand ratio 3:2), i.e. transmetallation, resulted in trinuclear palladium(ii) complexes [Pd3(L1/L2-HI)2(CH3CN)Cl6] (1-2). The complexes were characterized with 1H, 13C{1H} and 77Se{1H} NMR (2 only), elemental analyses, HR-MS and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The geometry of three Pd atoms in each complex is nearly square planar. The Pd-S/Se, Pd-C, Pd-N and Pd-Cl bond distances (Å) in 1/2 are 2.3179(19)/2.4312(10), 1.968(7)/1.952(4), 2.073(8)/2.079(4) and 2.2784(19)-2.298(2)/2.292(2)-2.3003(15), respectively. In both the complexes, all Cl are trans to each other. For the central Pd atom, two benzimidazole rings are also trans to each other. The C-H⋯Cl non-covalent interactions result in a three-dimensional network. The moisture and air insensitive trinuclear Pd(ii) complexes 1 and 2 are thermally stable and efficient as a catalyst for nitrile-amide interconversion and amine-free Sonogashira C-C coupling (in the presence of CuI). The optimum temperature is 80 °C for the interconversion and 110 °C for the coupling. The catalytic protocols are applicable to both aliphatic and aromatic amides/nitriles. The optimum catalyst loading is 1 mol% for the C-C coupling and 0.5 to 1 mol% for the interconversion. K2CO3 as a base gives the best result for Sonogashira C-C coupling. In the conversion of nitriles to amides, the formation of an acid was not detected. After using once, 1/2 can carry out the conversion of ten fresh lots of nitriles to amides with almost the same efficiency. The real catalytic species for the interconversion and coupling appear to be based on Pd(ii) and Pd(0), respectively.
AB - 3-Methyl-1-(2-(phenylthio/seleno)ethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-3-ium iodide (L1/L2), a precursor of sulfated/selenated N-heterocyclic carbene, was synthesized by the reaction of benzimidazole with 1,2-dichloroethane followed by treatment with PhS/SeNa and MeI. The reaction of L1/L2 with Ag2O followed by treatment with [Pd(CH3CN)2Cl2] (metal to ligand ratio 3:2), i.e. transmetallation, resulted in trinuclear palladium(ii) complexes [Pd3(L1/L2-HI)2(CH3CN)Cl6] (1-2). The complexes were characterized with 1H, 13C{1H} and 77Se{1H} NMR (2 only), elemental analyses, HR-MS and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The geometry of three Pd atoms in each complex is nearly square planar. The Pd-S/Se, Pd-C, Pd-N and Pd-Cl bond distances (Å) in 1/2 are 2.3179(19)/2.4312(10), 1.968(7)/1.952(4), 2.073(8)/2.079(4) and 2.2784(19)-2.298(2)/2.292(2)-2.3003(15), respectively. In both the complexes, all Cl are trans to each other. For the central Pd atom, two benzimidazole rings are also trans to each other. The C-H⋯Cl non-covalent interactions result in a three-dimensional network. The moisture and air insensitive trinuclear Pd(ii) complexes 1 and 2 are thermally stable and efficient as a catalyst for nitrile-amide interconversion and amine-free Sonogashira C-C coupling (in the presence of CuI). The optimum temperature is 80 °C for the interconversion and 110 °C for the coupling. The catalytic protocols are applicable to both aliphatic and aromatic amides/nitriles. The optimum catalyst loading is 1 mol% for the C-C coupling and 0.5 to 1 mol% for the interconversion. K2CO3 as a base gives the best result for Sonogashira C-C coupling. In the conversion of nitriles to amides, the formation of an acid was not detected. After using once, 1/2 can carry out the conversion of ten fresh lots of nitriles to amides with almost the same efficiency. The real catalytic species for the interconversion and coupling appear to be based on Pd(ii) and Pd(0), respectively.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85030723608&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1039/c7dt02592k
DO - 10.1039/c7dt02592k
M3 - Article
C2 - 28937695
AN - SCOPUS:85030723608
SN - 1477-9226
VL - 46
SP - 13065
EP - 13076
JO - Dalton Transactions
JF - Dalton Transactions
IS - 38
ER -