Unraveling insect feeding patterns and their ecological impacts on plant defense mechanisms

Insect–plant interactions within ecological systems have captivated scientists for over several years, particularly focusing on agricultural pests and their extensive impact on plant health. Despite the article emphasis on feeding patterns, it is essential to highlight the significance of feeding patterns and types of mouthparts in insect herbivores, which are pivotal in understanding insect–plant interactions within ecological systems. In response to insect attacks, plants undergo dynamic biochemical alterations, resulting in the stimulated synthesis of both direct and indirect defense mechanisms. We elucidated the crucial need to understand insect feeding patterns and their diverse feeding mechanisms and navigated through the intricacies of chewing and piercing–sucking herbivores, shedding light on their diverse feeding mechanisms and behavioral adaptations while invading new hosts. This review reveals the direct correlation between insect feeding patterns and the resultant plant damage. From biochemical alterations in plants to the activation of defense mechanisms, including the jasmonic acid and salicylic acid pathways, Ca²⁺ flux, reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, and other responses, are triggered when insect exposure was detected on different plants. Furthermore, the review unravels the ecological implications of these interactions, emphasizing the significance of comprehending these interactions in devising effective pest management strategies. Conclusively, this review aims to underscore the importance of understanding insect feeding patterns and their associated elicitors and effectors.