TY - JOUR
T1 - Urine metabolomics reveals novel physiologic functions of human aldehyde oxidase and provides biomarkers for typing xanthinuria
AU - Peretz, Hava
AU - Watson, David G.
AU - Blackburn, Gavin
AU - Zhang, Tong
AU - Lagziel, Ayala
AU - Shtauber-Naamati, Meirav
AU - Morad, Tova
AU - Keren-Tardai, Elena
AU - Greenshpun, Victoria
AU - Usher, Sali
AU - Shalev, Hanna
AU - Landau, Daniel
AU - Levartovsky, David
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgments We thank Scottish Life Sciences Alliance for funding scholarship of GB and acquisition of the Exactive mass spectrometer. Thanks are due to the referring physicians Drs. Renate Yakobov, Halil Heib and Dganit Dinour.
PY - 2012/10/1
Y1 - 2012/10/1
N2 - Classical xanthinuria is a rare inherited metabolic disorder caused by either isolated xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) deficiency (type I) or combined XDH and aldehyde oxidase (AO) deficiency (type II). XDH and AO are evolutionary related enzymes that share a sulfurated molybdopterin cofactor. While the role of XDH in purine metabolism is well established, the physiologic functions of AO are mostly unknown. XDH and AO are important drug metabolizing enzymes. Urine metabolomic analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of xanthinuric patients was performed to unveil physiologic functions of XDH and AO and provide biomarkers for typing xanthinuria. Novel endogenous products of AO, hydantoin propionic acid, N1-methyl-8-oxoguanine and N-(3-acetamidopropyl) pyrrolidin-2-one formed in the histidine, nucleic acid and spermidine metabolic pathways, respectively, were identified as being lowered in type II xanthinuria. Also lowered were the known AO products, N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide and N1-methyl-4-pyridone-5-carboxamide in the nicotinamide degradation pathway. In contrast to the KEGG annotations, the results suggest minor role of human AO in the conversion of pyridoxal to pyridoxate and gentisaldehyde to gentisate in the vitamin B6 and tyrosine metabolic pathways, respectively. The perturbations in purine degradation due to XDH deficiency radiated further from the previously known metabolites, uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine to guanine, methyl guanine, xanthosine and inosine. Possible pathophysiological implications of the observed metabolic perturbations are discussed. The identified biomarkers have the potential to replace the allopurinol-loading test used in the past to type xanthinuria, thus facilitating appropriate pharmacogenetic counseling and gene directed search for causative mutations.
AB - Classical xanthinuria is a rare inherited metabolic disorder caused by either isolated xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) deficiency (type I) or combined XDH and aldehyde oxidase (AO) deficiency (type II). XDH and AO are evolutionary related enzymes that share a sulfurated molybdopterin cofactor. While the role of XDH in purine metabolism is well established, the physiologic functions of AO are mostly unknown. XDH and AO are important drug metabolizing enzymes. Urine metabolomic analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of xanthinuric patients was performed to unveil physiologic functions of XDH and AO and provide biomarkers for typing xanthinuria. Novel endogenous products of AO, hydantoin propionic acid, N1-methyl-8-oxoguanine and N-(3-acetamidopropyl) pyrrolidin-2-one formed in the histidine, nucleic acid and spermidine metabolic pathways, respectively, were identified as being lowered in type II xanthinuria. Also lowered were the known AO products, N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide and N1-methyl-4-pyridone-5-carboxamide in the nicotinamide degradation pathway. In contrast to the KEGG annotations, the results suggest minor role of human AO in the conversion of pyridoxal to pyridoxate and gentisaldehyde to gentisate in the vitamin B6 and tyrosine metabolic pathways, respectively. The perturbations in purine degradation due to XDH deficiency radiated further from the previously known metabolites, uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine to guanine, methyl guanine, xanthosine and inosine. Possible pathophysiological implications of the observed metabolic perturbations are discussed. The identified biomarkers have the potential to replace the allopurinol-loading test used in the past to type xanthinuria, thus facilitating appropriate pharmacogenetic counseling and gene directed search for causative mutations.
KW - Fourier transform mass spectrometry
KW - Inherited disorders
KW - Molybdo-flavo-enzymes
KW - Pharmacogenetics
KW - Urine metabolomics
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84867205160&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s11306-011-0391-3
DO - 10.1007/s11306-011-0391-3
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84867205160
VL - 8
SP - 951
EP - 959
JO - Metabolomics
JF - Metabolomics
SN - 1573-3882
IS - 5
ER -