Use of 3D Printing Techniques to Fabricate Implantable Microelectrodes for Electrochemical Detection of Biomarkers in the Early Diagnosis of Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Nemira Zilinskaite, Rajendra P. Shukla, Ausra Baradoke

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

1 Scopus citations

Abstract

This Review provides a comprehensive overview of 3D printing techniques to fabricate implantable microelectrodes for the electrochemical detection of biomarkers in the early diagnosis of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Early diagnosis of these diseases is crucial to improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare systems' burden. Biomarkers serve as measurable indicators of these diseases, and implantable microelectrodes offer a promising tool for their electrochemical detection. Here, we discuss various 3D printing techniques, including stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), fused deposition modeling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), and two-photon polymerization (2PP), highlighting their advantages and limitations in microelectrode fabrication. We also explore the materials used in constructing implantable microelectrodes, emphasizing their biocompatibility and biodegradation properties. The principles of electrochemical detection and the types of sensors utilized are examined, with a focus on their applications in detecting biomarkers for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we address the current challenges and future perspectives in the field of 3D-printed implantable microelectrodes, emphasizing their potential for improving early diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)315-336
Number of pages22
JournalACS Measurement Science Au
Volume3
Issue number5
DOIs
StatePublished - 18 Oct 2023
Externally publishedYes

Keywords

  • 3D printing
  • Biomarkers
  • Cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases
  • Early diagnosis
  • Electrochemical detection
  • Implantable microelectrodes
  • Personalized treatment
  • Stereolithography

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy
  • Electrochemistry

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